@conference {60977,
	title = {Genetic parameters for somatic cell score in dairy goats estimated by random regression},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {206-209},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {The objective of the study was to estimate genetic parameters of somatic cell score (SCS = log2 of somatic cell count / 1000) in New Zealand mixed-breed dairy goats using a random regression model. The dataset comprised 37,051 herd-test records of somatic cell counts (SCC) from 3,688 does kidding between 2000 and 2007 distributed in 47 herds. The mixed model included the fixed effects of contemporary group (herd-year-month of kidding), lactation number (1st, 2nd and 3rd), and the covariables day-of-month, proportion of Saanen, Nubian, Alpine and Toggenburg breeds, heterosis, and a second-order orthogonal polynomial of days in milk across all data and for each lactation number. The random effects included a second order random regression polynomial for the additive animal effect and the doe permanent environmental effect within parity and doe permanent environmental effect across parities. The residual variance was assumed heterogeneous, with different residual variances for each of the nine months of lactation. Estimates of heritability increased from 0.12 to 0.25 from the beginning to the end of the lactation and estimates of repeatability ranged from 0.46 to 0.59, also increasing from the beginning to the end of lactation. These results show that genetic improvement can be achieved in SCC by including SCS in selection index. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Apodaca-Sarabia CA and Lopez-Villalobos N and Blair HT and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {41804,
	title = {Are serum amyloid protein levels in milk an indicator of mastitis infection in New Zealand dairy goats ?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {105-106},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {The incidence of clinical mastitis in dairy goats is low at less than 5\% per lactation (Bergonier et al., 2003), however, there is a recognised need in the industry for a simple, practical and reliable means for the detection of sub-clinical mastitis. In goats, conversely to cows, somatic cell counts (SCC) are not a reliable indicator of infection. Bacteriological cultures can be used to identify glands with subclinical infection, but this approach involves specialized sampling. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a family of acute phase proteins that is produced in response to infection and inflammation. Levels of this protein in milk have been ...Continued },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hodgkinson AJ and Kivits LJ and Molenaar AJ and McDougall S and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {41820,
	title = {Quantification of lactoferrin in milk from New Zealand dairy goats},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {166-169},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding protein, plays a key part in host defence with diverse protective roles in infection and inflammation, including allergy. It is present in most mucosal secretions, including colostrum and milk. To quantify the levels of Lf in milk from New Zealand dairy goats, a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established. Purified Lf, extracted from goat colostrum, was used to raise antibodies in rabbits and for ELISA standards. The ELISA method involved coating goat Lf antibody onto microtitre plates then sequential addition of standard or test samples, biotinylated-goat Lf antibody and streptavidin-biotin conjugate, with a colorimetric endpoint employing 3,3{\textquoteleft},5,5{\textquoteleft}-tetramethylbenzidine. The intra and inter assay coefficient of variation was 4.1\% and 7.8\%, respectively. Average recovery of added Lf was 104.5\%. Cross reactivity with bovine Lf was 40\% and negligible for other milk proteins tested. In goat milk samples collected over the lactation season, the average Lf concentration was 31.8 {\textpm} 7.3 (standard error of the mean); 33.4 {\textpm} 5.2 and 821.8 {\textpm} 269.4 mg/L, in early, mid- and late season, respectively. An ELISA method has been developed that accurately and reproducibly measures Lf in goat milk samples. Lf levels in New Zealand goat milk are similar to those reported for the cow. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Hodgkinson AJ and Ross KM and Fahey SN and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {41459,
	title = {Decreased gene expression of integrins in epithelial cells during mammary engorgement},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {11-13},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {In ruminants, the molecular mechanisms regulating mammary involution and apoptosis (programmed cell death) are not well characterised, but extensive research in rodents has established that many cell types, including mammary epithelial cells, require anchorage to the extracellular matrix for survival. This anchorage is mediated via the integrins, a family of transmembrane glycoproteins that bridge intra- and extracellular compartments enabling direct communication between adaptor molecules in the cytoplasm and specific receptor motifs on the ECM proteins (Clark \& Brugge, 1995; Giancotti \& Ruoslahti, 1999; Hynes, 1992).  Integrins form heterodimers between α and β subunits to produce more than 20 different receptors, and many subtypes have been identified in mammary glands (Clark \& Brugge, 1995).  We have shown previously that one such integrin, β1, is reduced rapidly as a result of induced weaning in rodents, and these changes are followed by apoptosis (McMahon et al., 2004).  The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms that may regulate mammary involution in the bovine by examining cell-matrix interactions that may be involved in survival of mammary epithelial cells, ultimately to improve lactational persistency and tolerance of extended milking intervals ... },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Singh K and Dobson J and Stelwagen K and Prosser CG and Farr VC and Molenaar A and Davis SR}
}
@conference {41469,
	title = {Expression of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 during mammary engorgement},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {43-47},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {An increase in tight junction (TJ) permeability occurs during extended milking intervals and is associated with reduced milk secretion. This paper examines temporal changes in the expression of a major TJ protein, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), during mammary engorgement. Alveolar mammary tissue was collected from 52 mid-lactation dairy heifers at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 72 h, and at 8 d following abrupt cessation of milking (n >= 6 cows per time point). ZO-1 protein expression significantly decreased during mammary engorgement (P<0.05). Similarly, ZO-1 mRNA expression had halved by 36 h to 8 d post-milking (P<0.05). In a second trial, alveolar tissue was collected from the udder halves of late-lactation dairy cows (n = 4) that were milked unilaterally, either once-daily or twice-daily for 4 days. A 1.7-fold increase in ZO-1 mRNA expression was detected after once-daily milking, compared with twice-daily milking (P<0.05). The down-regulation of ZO-1 during mammary engorgement is consistent with increased TJ permeability. However, the up-regulation of ZO-1 mRNA expression during short-term once-daily milking suggests that TJ function is repaired as the mammary gland adjusts to the extended milking interval. In conclusion, we have identified changes in ZO-1 critical to TJ function in bovine mammary glands. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Cooper CV and Stelwagen K and Singh K and Farr VC and Prosser CG and Davis SR}
}
@conference {41460,
	title = {The use of microarrays to investigate gene regulation in the bovine mammary gland during Streptococcus uberis mastitis},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {14-16},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Bovine mastitis is one of the most costly dairy-based diseases worldwide with an estimated $60 M loss to New Zealand per season. Mastitis infections are a result of bacterial or fungal pathogens becoming established in the udder, and are detected by the increase of somatic cells in the mammary gland, bacteriology data and physical signs of infection. In New Zealand, mastitis is usually a result of a gram-positive bacterial infection (Brookbanks, 1966). Of these bacteria, Streptococcus uberis is emerging as one of the most prevalent causative organism of mastitis in New Zealand (McDougall, 2002). It resides naturally in the environment making prevention of the disease difficult.  Currently the main means of controlling the disease is through administering antibiotics following identification of infection.
The mammary gland is protected from invasion by the activation of non-specific (innate) and specific defence mechanisms. The innate immune response is the predominant defence during the early stages of infection and is induced rapidly at the site of infection (Sordillo et al., 1997). Although the local mammary innate immune response has been widely investigated, studies have focussed on known antibacterial compounds and little is known about the novel compounds in bovine milk and how these contribute to the defence system of the mammary gland. The mechanism by which the mammary gland innate immune system is active against S. uberis is poorly understood. By developing an understanding into the way S. uberis induces an immune response in the mammary gland and the effect of infection on mammary gland metabolism we may identify components which can be utilised to either reduce the symptoms of/or prevent or cure S. uberis mastitis. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Swanson KM and Henderson HV and Farr VC and Davis SR and Oden K and Stelwagen K and Molenaar A and Singh K and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {41305,
	title = {Increased milk lactic acid concentration is an early indicator of mastitis},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {22-23},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {The cost of mastitis to the dairy industry in NZ is substantial, with economic losses accruing from antibiotic costs, acute and chronic milk yield losses and reduced longevity of susceptible cows.
Early detection and treatment of mastitis is a critical factor in reducing the severity of the infection and tissue damage within the udder (Douglas et al., 1997). However, increases in labour productivity are reducing contact time with cows, making early detection of mastitis increasingly difficult. In particular, the development of robotic milking equipment has highlighted the need for remote detection of mastitis.
Apart from visual examination of fore-milk, somatic cell count (SCC) is used as the standard marker of milk quality. An increase in bulk milk SCC or a high SCC at herd test is used to diagnose new infections. However, one of the most widely used methods for cow-side or automated in-line testing for mastitis is the detection of changes in electrical conductivity of milk. This approach has several problems, not least of which is the limited accuracy of the method (see Woolford et al., 1998) and the relatively high cost of sensors (claws).
The following study was undertaken as part of a screen of a number of potential markers in milk which could be used to indicate mastitis {\textellipsis} },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Farr VC and Prosser CG and Nicholas GD and Lee J and Hart AL and Davis SR}
}
@conference {41300,
	title = {Influence of milk cytokines on mammary production of nitric oxide},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-g) can stimulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) from mammary epithelial cells, which in turn may play a role in intramammary defence of the mammary gland. In this study, comparisons were made with the production of IFN-g stimulated NO from Comma-D cells (murine mammary epithelial cell line) and explants of mammary tissue collected from both pregnant (day 12-14 of gestation) and lactating (day 12-14 postpartum) rats. Response to IFN-g was measured as the production of nitrate and nitrite (NOx) in the culture medium. Comma-D cells and explants of mammary tissue from pregnant and lactating rats responded to treatment with 250 U/ml IFN-g with an increase in NOx of 5231, 300 and 373\% respectively. The response to IFN-y was lower (P<0.001) in explants than in Comma-D cells. Inclusion of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors aminoguanidine (100 mM) and Nw-nitro-L-arginine (1 mM) in the culture medium reduced NOx production by the Comma-D cells to 31 and 19\% of stimulated activity respectively. This suggests that Comma-D cells are a good model for investigating effects of cytokines on mammary epithelial cell production of NO, and may also provide a useful means of screening other milk bioactives for their potential role in intramammary defence. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Turner S-A and MacKenzie DDS and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {41355,
	title = {Lactoferrin concentration is increased in milk from cows milked once daily},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {225-226},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {<p>Lactoferrin is a component of milk whey, valuable for its properties as an iron-binding, bacteriostatic and anti-bacterial protein. Commonly, lactoferrin concentrations are high in colostrum and in late-lactation milk (Nonnecke \&amp; Smith, 1984). In particular, the lactoferrin content of mammary secretion is markedly increased during mammary involution when expression of the lactoferrin gene is initiated in milk-engorged, secretory alveoli (Molenaar et al., 1996). A feature of once-daily milking (OAD) is the accelerated regression of the udder that leads to an increased rate of decline in milk yield as lactation progresses (Carruthers et al., 1993). This accelerated regression and attenuation of lactation is particularly notable in some cows, although others appear relatively unaffected. In addition, there are changes in milk composition commensurate with changes that normally occur at drying-off. This suggests that milk lactoferrin concentration could be enhanced during OAD. Milk lactoferrin content has not been measured previously in cows in which milking frequency has been changed. Eight cows (mixed breeds) in mid-lactation, grazing rye-grass/white clover pasture at No. 1 Dairy, Dexcel (Ruakura) were used in this study. They were milked twice daily (TAD) from parturition and underwent a period of three days of OAD beginning at day 123\&plusmn;4 of lactation, on average. Mean milk SCC before treatment was 178\&plusmn;53 x 103 cells/ml. Milk samples were taken before, during and after OAD and assayed for lactoferrin using an ELISA method (Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomery, Texas, USA.) Milk yield and composition were also recorded.</p>},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Farr VC and Prosser CG and Clark DA and Tong M and Cooper CV and Willix-Payne D and Davis SR}
}
@conference {40981,
	title = {Differential effects of short-term once-daily milking on milk yield, milk composition and concentrations of selected blood metabolites in cows with low or high pasture intake},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {41-43},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Forty-eight Friesian cows were subjected to ad libitum grazing (pasture allowance 45 kg/cow/day) or restricted grazing (pasture allowance 16-18 kg/cow/day) in a cross-over experiment during spring. Mean milk yields for ad libitum and restricted cows after 10 day treatment periods were 21.4 and 16.2 l/day respectively. All cows were then subjected to once-daily milking (ODM) for 2 days. ODM reduced milk yield and casein:whey protein ratios but increased concentrations of fat, serum albumin, immunoglobulin G, whey protein and somatic cells. Effects of ODM were greater in fully fed and thus higher-producing cows. In blood, ODM decreased concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and urea, but increased concentrations of glucose. Milk yield and composition were significantly affected by short-term ODM, but the effect was less in cows producing below their peak due to feed restriction. There were metabolic indications that ODM reduced the nutritional demands of milk production.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Auldist MJ and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {40984,
	title = {Diurnal variation in concentration of Beta-lactoglobulin in bovine milk.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {49-51},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Two trials were conducted to define the variation in concentrations of b-lactoglobulin (b-LG) in bovine milk following different milking intervals. In the first, milk samples were collected from three herds of 20 cows. At the time of sampling in early summer, one herd was in each of early, mid and late lactation (30, 120 and 210 days post calving, respectively). Average b-LG concentrations were 41, 37 and 50\% higher (p<0.05) after a 16h than 8h milking interval for early, mid and late lactation, respectively. In the second trial, bulk milk was sampled from four herds of 12 cows. All cows were at the same stage of lactation and the milking interval was 16:8h. Samples were collected on three separate occasions when cows were on unrestricted pasture intake and once when intake was restricted by 50\%. On unrestricted pasture intake, concentrations of b-LG were 11\% higher in milk collected after 16h than 8h milking interval, whilst on restricted intake, concentrations were 44\% higher. There were no differences in concentrations of a-lactalbumin (a-LA). Both trials show a significant difference in b-LG levels in milk collected after 16h versus 8h milking interval, although only 71\% of all samples collected in the first trial exhibited this difference and it was less in the second trial using bulk milk. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McLaren RD and Auldist MJ and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {40985,
	title = {Variation in milk whey composition throughout lactation in cows of different Beta-lactoglobulin phenotypes.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {52-54},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The association between b-lactoglobulin (β-LG) variants and milk composition throughout lactation was determined by sampling from 44 Friesian cows (22 homozygous for b-LG AA and 22 homozygous for b-LG BB) in early (day 6 postpartum), established (1-3 months postpartum) and late lactation (on the day of drying off). Results indicated that differences between β-LG AA and BB phenotype milk (expressed as a percentage of the level in phenotype AA) in concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA; -15.9\%, -32.0\%, -42.5\%) and b-LG (5.9\%, 16.0\%, 32.2\%), in early, established and late lactation respectively, increased steadily as lactation progressed. The differences in a-lactalbumin concentrations were less variable (1.2\%, -9.0\%, -9.1\%). These results provide new evidence that compositional differences are not seen between b-LG AA and BB phenotype milk until established lactation.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Turner S-A and Auldist MJ and Molan PC and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {40775,
	title = {Brief Communication: Effect of atropine on milk protein composition of dairy cows},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {51-52},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Milk production by dairy cows and yield of the compo-nents, fat, protein and lactose are closely related to nutritional intake. The individual proteins in milk respond differently to a change in nutritional status, giving rise to significant differ-ences in milk protein composition (DePeeters and Cant, 1992). For instance, Gray and Mackenzie (1987) noted a decrease in α-lactalbumin and increase in serum-derived proteins, serum albumin and immunoglobulin, in animals on restricted pasture for 10 days. Although β-lactoglobulin concentration decreased, the response was not significant. Treatment of concentrate-fed dairy cows with a single injection of atropine caused a similar, though temporary, decrease in milk yield, total protein and α-lactalbumin content of milk (Roets and Peeters, 1981). Changes in other milk proteins were not evaluated. The observed responses arise from the ability of atropine to rapidly and specifically depress plasma amino acids used for milk protein synthesis and provide a means of experimentally manipulat-ing supply of substrates for milk protein synthesis. The present study was designed to evaluate the use of atropine in pasture-fed cows.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Prosser CG and McLaren RD}
}
@conference {40774,
	title = {Brief Communication: Effects of milk stasis and feed withdrawal on capillary exchange capacity in the goat mammary gland},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {49-50},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The lactating mammary gland is critically dependent upon the provision of nutrients and hormonal stimuli from the blood to sustain milk synthesis. This is reflected in the high correlation between mammary arterial blood flow (F) and milk yield (MY). During established lactation in goats, frequent milking with oxytocin results in a higher blood flow to the mammary gland (Prosser and Davis, 1992). Conversely, MY and F decrease during both milk stasis (Stelwagen et al. 1994) and feed withdrawal (Davis and Collier, 1985). It has yet to be determined whether these decreases in the blood supply cause the decreases in MY or are as a result of a decrease in demand for blood by the secretory tissue.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Farr VC and Davis SR and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {40773,
	title = {Brief Communication: The effect of somatostatin infusion on milk yield of goats},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {47-48},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Somatostatin is a hormone widely distributed among tissues which, depending upon species, will inhibit growth hormone release from the pituitary gland and modulate the release of insulin from the pancreas (e.g. Davis, 1975; Maglad et al.,1983).

The physiological function of somatostatin in rumi-nants is largely unknown. Certainly effects of somatostatin on the function of the gastro-intestinal tract have been reported (Barry et al.,1985). However, somatostatin ap-pears not to modulate basal growth hormone release in ruminants (Davis, 1975).
},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Davis SR and Farr VC and Myung KH and Prosser CG and Spencer GSG}
}
@conference {40793,
	title = {Influence of level of feeding and stage of lactation on proteolytic activity in bovine milk},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {114-117},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Using a Latin square cross-over design, twelve sets of identical  Friesian or Friesian x Jersey twin cows during spring (early lactation: 42 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Nicholas GD and Prosser CG and Stelwagen K and Mackle TR}
}
@conference {40776,
	title = {Utilisation of methionine by the mammary gland of the lactating goat},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {53-57},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The goat milk protein, a-lactalbumin, contains no methionine residues,  hence if 35S label is supplied to the gland in the form of labelled methionine  only, the appearance of 35S in a-lactalbumin gives a measure of  transsulphuration of methionine to cysteine within the gland. Two lactating  Saanen goats were surgically modified with catheters implanted in the  mammary milk vein, femoral and external pudic mammary artery, and  jugular vein to enable infusion of 35S-methionine, into either the whole  body (jugular) or directly into the gland, and repetitive blood sampling.  Specific radioactivity of methionine in the blood and milk proteins was  determined at hourly intervals for 9 hours. Radioactivity of 35S was  determined in a-lactalbumin when 35S-methionine was supplied directly to  the gland via the mammary artery, but could not be detected when supplied  via the jugular vein. Analysis of mammary tissue from the latter experiment  did however show the appearance of 35S label in the intracellular cysteine  pool which was derived from methionine. Both approaches suggested that  transsulphuration within the gland, although small, may be important  especially when supply of methionine to the gland is high. The fractional extraction of plasma methionine by the gland for two goats  was 46.4},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lee J and Treloar BP and Sinclair BR and Prosser CG and Davis SR and Harris PM}
}
@conference {40650,
	title = {Effect of once-daily milking and bovine somatropin administration in Friesian cows on milk protease activity},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {7-8},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Samples of wool from Perendale hoggets born at Whatawhata  Research Centre in 1989 from ewes selected for and against loose wool  bulk were tested for propensity to yellow. After storage in a  laboratory for two years, wool from the high bulk line was significantly  more yellow than wool from low bulk line.    When the greasy wool was incubated at 40 degrees and 100\% relative  humidity, differences in all three tristimulus values between high and  low bulk wool were significant.    Tristimulus Y and Z decreased and Y minus Z increased when clean wool  samples were subjected to more extreme challenges similar to those which  may occur during processing. These changes did not affect the  differences in colour between the selection lines.    These results suggest that management changes may be required to  restrict yellowing of high bulk wool during growth and storage.  Simultaneous selection for reduced propensity to yellow and increased  bulk may reduce the genetic progress attainable in either  characteristic.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stelwagen K and Whyte JH and Zavizon B and Prosser CG and Davis SR and Farr VC and Politis I}
}
@conference {40651,
	title = {Influence of milking frequency and feeding level on plasmin activity and casein degradation in milk},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {9-11},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Wool samples from 28 Merino wethers, 31 Corriedale ewes, 37  Perendale ewes and 30 Coopworth ewes were examined for propensity to  develop yellow discolouration in relation to the mean fibre diameter and  its variability.    The propensity of wool to develop yellow discolourations was estimated  by two techniques, namely, an incubation technique which measures the  colour developed in the wool fibre during an incubation in the  laboratory, and the predictive technique described by Aitken et  al., 1994.    Correlations between propensity to yellow (Y-Z) and mean fibre diameter  were low in the Corriedale, Perendale and Coopworth samples, but high in  the Merinos. Correlations between propensity to yellow and standard  deviation of fibre diameter were also low in the Corriedales, Perendales  and Coopworths, but moderate in the Merinos. The correlations between Y  and Z and the fibre diameter statistics following similar trends to  those for Y-Z.    All correlations between propensity to yellow and coefficient of  variation of fibre diameter were low.    Thus while the propensity to discolour during growth is positively  related to fibre diameter in fine wool, no such relationship exists in  medium and coarser wool. This provides a further reason for Merino  breeders to produce a fine fleece type.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Prosser CG and Nicholas G and Stelwagen K and Lacy-Hulbert SJ and Woolford MW and McFadden TB}
}
@conference {40653,
	title = {Nitric oxide and the control of mammary blood flow},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {14-16},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This study monitored the behaviour of calves docked with a rubber  ring with or without local anaesthesia. Forty five 3 to 4 month old  Friesian heifer calves were divided equally into three groups viz  control (C), docked following local anaesthetic (L). After treatment  the calves were returned to a paddock where their behaviour was  monitored continuously for 5 hours with scan sampling every 10 minutes.  Standing, walking, grazing and ruminating behaviours were similar in the  3 groups. Within 30 minutes of the treatment tail shaking, and  vocalization occurred in 10 and 5 R calves and of them 2 calves  continued to tail shake and vocalise for a further 60 minutes. Tail  shaking and vocalisation occurred in 7 and 5 of the L calves  respectively at 150 minutes. Two of these calves vocalised at 180  minutes and one at 210 minutes following treatment. C calves did not  shake their tails or vocalise. These observations suggest that milk  distress was experienced by approximately two thirds of docked calves.   },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Lacasse P and Farr VC and Davis SR and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {40621,
	title = {Anti goat IGF binding protein 3 antibodies from chicken egg yolk},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {297-300},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The use of chickens for the production of highly specific antibodies  
to mammalian proteins offers a number of advantages over more conventional  
methods.  Antibody responses to IGFBP-3 immunogen were apparent in the  
serum of chickens after only two inoculations with low levels of the  
immunogen.  These specific antibodies subsequently appeared in the chicken  
egg yolk at levels of approximately 40\% of those estimated in serum. 
 
A simple, rapid and reproducible two step method for the extraction and  
purification of the immunoglobulin fraction from egg yolk using octanoic acid  
is described.  Relatively large quantities of specific antibodies can be  
obtained by these procedures.  Egg yolk antibodies generated in this study  
will be used to develop an ELISA for measuring levels of IGFBP-3 in plasma  
and other body fluids.  This approach is designed to overcome some of the  
difficulties associated with the use of ligand blotting analysis to quantify  
IGFBPs. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McLaren RD and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {40622,
	title = {Characterization and regulation of cationic amino acid transport in bovine mammary epithelial cells - Brief Communication},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {301-302},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied 
 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Kiaei M and Prosser CG and Grigor MR}
}
@conference {40573,
	title = {Isolation of cDNA subclones encoding ovine glucose transporter proteins - Brief Communication},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {99-100},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bennett BL and Grigor MR and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {40481,
	title = {Brief Communication - The nature of the microcirculation in the mammary gland of the lactating rat},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {171-172},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Of all farm production practices, intensive systems come under public scrutiny most, and intensive egg-production is often a particular source of concern. Caged hens are seen as unacceptable in most European countries due to the density of housing, barrenness of environment and restriction of "most normal behaviour patterns". In New Zealand most egg-production systems involve practices which are being questioned overseas in terms of their welfare impact. This paper presents the results of a survey of some representative New Zealand farms in the light of public and scientific concerns for animal welfare. Currently there appears to be no obvious system likely to replace laying cages and guarantee good welfare. Pressure for change, however, seems likely.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Davis SR and Farr VC and Prosser CG and Thompson JG}
}
@conference {40478,
	title = {The effect of an extended milking interval on mammary blood flow and tight junctions between mammary cells in goats},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {159-162},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Hereford x Friesian cows were used to compare the calf and cow performance of 66 single-calved cows (Single Cows) rearing only their own calf (Single Calf) and 45 contemporary single-calved cows (Foster Cows) rearing their own calf (Own Calf) plus a foster calf (Foster Calf). Fostering was succesful in 85\% and 95\% of attempts in 1990 and 1991, respectively. Mean weaning weight was lowest in the Foster Calf group but comparable in the Own Claf and Single Calf groups (140 vs 194 vs 202 kg, P<o.oo1). Single Cow and Foster Cow groups were similar in mean live weight immediately post-calving (413 vs 415 kg, NS) and at weaning time (452 vs 437 kg, NS), and the mean interval to first oestrus was about 7 weeks in both groups. Cow efficiency (ie calf weaned/kg cow post calving liveweight) was approximately doubled in the Foster Cow group. We conclude that twin-suckling dairy x beef breeding cows using a foster calf appears to be a useful option for dramatically increasing cow efficiency.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Stelwagen K and Davis SR and Farr VC and Prosser CG and Sherlock RA}
}
@conference {40475,
	title = {Factors affecting the production of lactose by ovine mammary cells in vitro},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {147-150},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The present public and scientific interest in the welfare of farm livestock has caused traditional management procedures, including castration, tail docking and dehorning, to be scrutinised as causes of stress (stressors).  This laudable scientific endeavour is however subject to a range of constraints. Major constraints are the subjective nature of distress, and the consequent difficulty of identifying indices which can be used confidently to quantify it. Nevertheless, behavioural and physiological indices have been identified by comparison with human responses to aversive stimuli, and allow distress to be assessed in animals. Changes in plasma cortisol concentrations, reflecting the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, are commonly used as an index of distress in farm livestock exposed to stressors.  Judged thus, the distress caused by castration or tail docking of sheep and cattle apparently depends on several factors including the procedure itself, the age of the animal, the method used, the species and possibly the prior method of rearing. Little is known about the distress caused by dehorning of cattle. Several factors can confound the assessment of distress. They are: (1) balancing the objectivity of the measured indices with subjective judgements about what are acceptable and unacceptable levels of distress; (2) ensuring that the parameters used do indeed reflect distress, and not other phenomena; (3) avoiding erroneous predictions, based on anthropocentric projections and not scientific observations, about expected distress levels in situations which have not yet been examined; and (4) meeting the high cost of rigorous studies in this complex area in which a wide range of factors may affect the outcome. Reducing the distress caused by castration, tail docking or dehorning may be achieved by choosing an age when the distress response is least, choosing the least distressing method, or using anaesthesia (local, general) or systemic analgesia. When a method is identified which causes the least distress, its widespread use on farms should not be recommended unless it is also practicable. To do so will not benefit either the livestock concerned or the industry. Political and trade pressures related to overseas perceptions of New Zealand animal welfare standards require responses based on rigorous scientific assessment. Those responses are likely to involve, as appropriate, vigorous defences of current practices or the adoption of new approaches.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Davis SR and Eichler SJ and Callaghan MR and Grieve RCJ and Prosser CG}
}
@conference {40542,
	title = {Horse serum contains a novel insulin-like growth factor binding protein},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {433-436},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Pastures growing on soils fertilised with phosphatic fertilisers  accumulate cadmium (Cd) in their plant tops in proportion to substrate  concentrations. Sheep grazing pastures absorb some of this Cd. To quantify  the rate with which Cd is accumulated in sheep tissue, three replicated 0.4  ha blocks were fertilised with either 333 kg/ha of single superphosphate only  (control) or amended with CdSO4 to give 274g Cd/ha (high-Cd), and set stocked  with 10, three months old Romney wether lambs. Cadmium (Cd) concentrations were  determined in liver, kidney, proximal duodenal and skeletal muscle tissue of  sheep, ingesting either (means },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Prosser CG and McLaren RD}
}
@conference {40473,
	title = {Vasodilatory properties of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the mammary gland of the lactating goat},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {139-142},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {New Zealand dairy systems are characterised by extensively- managed outdoor herds which calve in spring. Such systems allow cattle to perform a wider range of normal behaviours than is possible in more intensive conditions. However, there are aspects of extensive management which may compromise the welfare of dairy cattle. These include practices which are intrinsic to the management system and strategic interventions. This paper will discuss some of the issues pertaining to the welfare of dairy cattle, the methods by which welfare is assessed and attitudes within the local and international community regarding the management of dairy cattle in New Zealand.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Prosser CG and Davis SR and Farr VC}
}
@conference {40318,
	title = {Secretion of insulin-like growth factor I and II from blood into milk of lactating goats},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {245-248},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Prosser CG and Fleet IR and Davis AJ and Heap RB}
}
