@conference {75928,
	title = {Effect of condensed tannins from Pinus radiata bark on Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae and adult worms in sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {304-308},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Invercargill},
	abstract = {A trial was undertaken to investigate the effect of condensed tannins (CT) extracted from pine (Pinus radiata) bark on gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes. Gastrointestinal parasitism is a significant cost to the sheep industry affecting health and productivity. Previous research has shown CT from some forage species can inhibit parasite egg hatching, larval development and reduce worm numbers in the GI tract. However, the forages containing CT tend to be less productive than ryegrass pasture, so this research investigated pine bark extract (PBE) which contains CT and is abundant in New Zealand, on Trichostrongylus colubriformis nematodes. In the in vitro incubations, 150 {\textmu}g CT/ml prevented larval development and halved egg hatching. Effects of CT in vivo (35g/day) were evaluated using 12 wether sheep, fitted with abomasal cannulae and infected with T. colubriformis larvae. The sheep were either drenched at six hourly intervals or the PBE was infused into the abomasum over four days. Neither treatment affected faecal egg count (1,700/g faeces), egg hatching or development of eggs to L3 larvae. Lambs were slaughtered after four days of treatment. Nematode numbers were similar for all treatments (average 21,100/animal). Despite inhibitory effects on hatching and development in vitro, PBE had no anthelmintic benefits for the sheep and may reduce intakes.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Chan J and Waghorn GC and Molan AL and Brookes IM}
}
@conference {42043,
	title = {Comparative methane emissions from cattle, red deer and sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {59-62},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Brisbane, Australia},
	abstract = {Methane (CH4) production (g CH4/d) and yields (g CH4/kg dry matter intake (DMI)) from groups of 11 non-lactating dairy cattle, sheep and red deer were compared in January and June of 2007. During each period, methane emissions measured using the SF6 tracer technique, were measured over four days following 10 days of acclimatisation. All animals were individually housed in metabolism cages and fed ensiled lucerne chaff at a rate of 1.2 times estimated energy requirements according to Australian feeding standards. Total daily methane production from cattle (140.4 g CH4/day) was greater than deer (31.5 g CH4/day) which was greater than sheep (18.3 g CH4/day) (P<0.001) and methane yield from cattle (20.6 g CH4/kg DMI) was greater than sheep (18.4 g CH4/kg DMI) which was greater than deer (16.5 g CH4/kg DMI) (P<0.001). A significant interaction of species by season was driven by the higher methane production and yield of cattle in winter compared with summer (P<0.001). The findings of this experiment show that methane emissions can differ between ruminant species at the same time on the same diet. Reasons for these differences are yet to be elucidated. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Swainson NM and Hoskin SO and Clark H and Pinares-Patino CS and Brookes IM}
}
@conference {41611,
	title = {Development of a model to predict pasture intake for grazing dairy cows in Argentina},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {35-41},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {The nutritional value of legumes for high milk production is seldom captured because grazed dairy pastures in NZ typically contain insufficient legume tosatisfy the cows{\textquoteright} requirements. This paper reports interim results from a project investigating novel methods of forage presentation to cows, to enhance the contribution of legume to their diet. Four groups ofspring-calving cows (n=5) in late-lactation were allocated to four treatments in a balanced, cross-over design. Two treatments consisted of spatial and temporal arrangements of grass and white clover allocatedto cows as follows: i) continuous free access to grass and white clover growing separately as side-by-sidemonocultures (G/C) and ii) grass-only at {\textquoteright}night{\textquoteright} between the afternoon and morning milking and clover-only during the {\textquoteright}day{\textquoteright} between morning and afternoon milking (GnCd). These were compared against controlsof iii) a typical mixed ryegrass-white clover pasture (Mix; an industry standard) and iv) a ryegrass-only pasture (Grass; a forage standard). Cows grazed each treatment for 8 days before moving to the next treatment in the pre-determined sequence. Measurements included milk production and composition, the time spent grazing during the day and the night (separately for grass and white clover in G/C) and the concentrations in the milk of skatole and indole, as metabolic indicators of nutrient acquisition and utilisation in the contrasting forage treatments. Cows offered G/C or GnCd produced 19.4 and 17.9 kg milk/cow/day, respectively, compared with 15.0 and 14.6 kg/cow/day when offered Mix or Grass, respectively (P=0.01, SEM=0.74). The diurnal distribution of grazing was influenced by pasture treatment (treatment x  time interaction P <0.001). Cows on G/C grazed proportionately more at {\textquoteleft}night{\textquoteright} and cows on GnCd proportionately less at {\textquoteleft}night{\textquoteright} compared with Grass or Mix. GnCd constrained the cows to spend less time grazing clover than those offered G/C (245 vs. 408 mins grazing clover during 24 hrs) and more time grazing grass (253 vs. 105 mins in 24 hrs). The apparent {\textquoteright}restriction{\textquoteright} in GnCd to grazing clover-only during the day did not significantly reduce milk yield compared with G/C. The spatial and temporal allocations of grass and clover affected the concentrations of indolic compounds in PM and AM milk, suggesting there is scope to improve the efficiency of protein utilisation in the rumen.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Baudracco J and Lopez-Villalobos N and Holmes CW and Brookes IM and Kemp P and Comeron E and Romero LA and Horan B and Dillon P and Berry D}
}
@conference {41613,
	title = {In vitro production of volatile fatty acids from forages},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {50-54},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Napier},
	abstract = {Volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from a range of fresh forages was measured in vitro over 24 hours (h). The forages comprised temperate and tropical grasses, legumes (including some containing condensed tannins; CT), herbs and silages, all of which were minced to resemble chewed forage and incubated in buffered media. Volatile fatty acid concentrations were measured in triplicate for each feed at 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. On average, VFA yields were 131, 226 and 311 mg/g dry matter (DM) between 0 - 6, 0 - 12 and 0 - 24 h, and the highest yields were from legumes (384 mg/g DM) and lowest from plantain (176 mg/g DM) after 24 h. Legumes containing CT produced 28\% less VFA than other legumes. The acetate + butyrate:propionate (A+B:P) ratio showed a substantial difference between forage types, ranging from an average of 2.5 (legumes) to 3.5 (tropical grasses) after 6 h, but differences between forage types diminished after 24 h. Multiple regression analysis showed a weak inverse relationship with NDF (neutral detergent fibre) after 6 h, but there was no clear relationship with particle size, chemical composition or digestion rates at 12 and 24 h. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Burke JL and Waghorn GC and Brookes IM and Chaves AV and Attwood GT}
}
@conference {41486,
	title = {Use of breeding values for live weight to calculate individual live weight targets for dairy heifers},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {118-121},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {Replacement heifers need to reach specific target live weights (LW) to ensure they calve as two year olds, and subsequently achieve high milk yields and good fertility. Currently, different LW targets are recommended for heifers based on their expected mature LW according to appearance or breed. However, the mature LW is difficult to estimate without knowledge of the animals. genetic potential for LW. The objective of this paper is to develop and validate a growth model which uses estimated breeding values for LW (EBV LW) of individual heifers of any breed to calculate target LW from birth to maturity. Predicted live weights are presented for a range of four EBV LW, from {\textendash}40 to 100 kg. These values were very similar to other published target values. Data from the Dexcel Holstein Friesian Strain Trial was used to validate the model with respect to LW and age at puberty. For LW at puberty the predicted values were significantly correlated (P<0.05), but were marginally higher (3-5\%) than the actual values. A report can be formulated to enable farmers to identify individual heifers which are below (or above) their target LW at any date },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bryant JR and Holmes CW and Lopez-Villalobos N and McNaughton LR and Brookes IM and Verkerk GA and Pryce JE}
}
@conference {41408,
	title = {Effect of genetic merit on the estimated partitioning of energy towards milk production or liveweight gain by Jersey cows grazing on pasture},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {69-72},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {Data from the 1999/2000 season of the Stratford demonstration farm stocking rate trial was used to estimate metabolisable energy intakes (MEI) and the amount of metabolisable energy (ME) partitioned into milk, maintenance and liveweight (Lwt) changes of Jersey cows of either high genetic merit (HGM) (average milksolids breeding value of 28 kg) or low genetic merit (LGM) (average milksolids breeding value of 11kg). Least-square mean yields for HGM and LGM cows were 327 and 289 kg of milksolids per cow respectively. HGM cows partitioned a significantly higher proportion of MEI into milk than LGM cows in early (0.67 vs 0.63; P<0.01), peak (0.59 vs 0.57; P<0.05), mid (0.58 vs 0.56; P<0.01) and late lactation (0.54 vs 0.51; P<0.01) (HGM vs LGM respectively). In early lactation, HGM cows utilised more body reserves for milk production (-0.05 vs -0.01, for HGM and LGM respectively). These results confirm that HGM cows partition more ME to milk throughout lactation than LGM animals for a range of feeding levels on grazed pasture. The greatest difference occurred in early lactation, resulting in increased body tissue loss and a greater negative energy balance in HGM cows. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bryant JR and Lopez-Villalobos N and Holmes CW and Pitman GD and Brookes IM}
}
@conference {41413,
	title = {Empirical assessment of the CNCPS model to predict performance of dairy cows fed pasture with silage supplements},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {91-95},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {The goal of this work was to determine the accuracy and utility of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) model to predict milk production from diets based on pasture and forage supplements. Data were obtained from studies in which pasture was complemented with contrasting silages including maize, pasture, sulla, lotus and forage mixtures, comprising 30-40\% of dry matter intake (DMI). Twelve diets were used in this evaluation. DMI, live weight (LW), days in milk, and diet composition were determined during the trials and used as inputs in the model. Across all diets, a significant (P<0.01) relationship existed between predicted and actual values for DMI (r2=0.63), milk yield (r2=0.64) and LW change (r2=0.57) but there were still large unexplained sources of variation and the slopes of the regression lines were significantly (P<0.01) different than 1. No significant mean bias was observed for any of the variables, but the slope of residual differences against predicted values was significantly different from zero (P<0.01 for milk yield and LW change; P<0.06 for DMI). The results indicate a satisfactory prediction of milk production when cows are neither gaining nor losing weight, but that a systematic bias exists probably because of the CNCPS model{\textquoteright}s failure to account for nutrient partitioning. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Chaves AV and Brookes IM and Burke JL and Waghorn GC and Woodward SL}
}
@conference {41409,
	title = {Evidence of a genotype by feeding level interaction in grazing Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle at different stocking rates},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2003},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {73-76},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Queenstown},
	abstract = {Lactation yields and estimated breeding values (EBVs) for protein, fat and milk were obtained for individual cows in a farmlet trial carried out at Dexcel in Hamilton, using Holstein-Friesian cows, to test for the existence of a genotype by environment interaction across the range of feeding levels, and EBVs typically found on New Zealand pasturebased dairy farms. At very low levels of feeding, with yields of 267 - 307 kg milksolids per cow (kg MS/cow), regression coefficients of lactation yield on EBVs were not significantly different from the expected value of 1. At high levels of feeding, with yields of 383 - 411 kg MS/cow, most of the regression coefficients for yields of protein, fat and milk on EBVs were significantly greater than 1. The results of this study show that at low levels of feeding the actual differences in production between cows, which differ in EBVs correspond to the actual differences in EBVs, whereas at high levels of feeding the difference in milk yields between genetic groups are greater than the difference in EBVs. This constitutes a form of genotype x environment interaction, in which genotype is measured as breeding values, and has important practical and economic implications for dairy farms, and for the expected value of genetic improvements. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bryant JR and Holmes CW and Lopez-Villalobos N and MacDonald KA and Brookes IM}
}
@conference {41338,
	title = {Digestion kinetics of ryegrass},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {157-162},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Changes in ryegrass maturation, with accompanying decreases in nutritive value and feed intake, have significant consequences for the dairy industry. Thus digestion kinetics of ryegrass were measured in samples differing in both physiological age (days after cutting) and calendar date to form a database that can be used as a guide to calculate the extent and type of supplement needed to match nutrient supply with requirements of grazing dairy cattle. Ryegrass pasture was mown on 21 August, 11 September, and 21 September and samples of approximately 2 kg were harvested from those dates at 7-14 day intervals for chemical analyses by cutting to 5 cm above soil level. These samples were used for in sacco and in vitro incubations to determine rate of digestion and proteolysis. The principal finding was a rapid decline in crude protein content from about 22.5\% of DM harvested at 21 days to 7.2\% for that harvested after 67 days. These changes were associated with increases in the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) fraction of the DM (42.1\% to 56.3\%) and in lignin concentration (2.49\% to 3.07\%). Changes were more rapid in late-cut than early cut forages. The principal consequences of increased maturity were slower degradation rates of DM (k= 0.067 to 0.038/hour) and CP (k= 0.122 to 0.052/hour) and less degradation of crude protein to ammonia. This data can be used in conjunction with dairy cow models (e.g., CNCPS) to predict animal performance. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Chaves AV and Waghorn GC and Brookes IM and Hedderley D}
}
@conference {41337,
	title = {An evaluation of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) with pasture, white clover and lucerne for lambs},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {152-156},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Palmerston North},
	abstract = {Pasture-based diets restrict animal performance, due to limitations in voluntary feed intake and release of nutrients during digestion failing to meet nutrient requirements. Opportunities for improving the efficiency of pasture utilisation include the addition of a soluble carbohydrate source to enable an improved capture of ammonia by rumen bacteria, or the inclusion of condensed tannins (CT) to reduce protein degradation. A feed evaluation trial was conducted at AgResearch Grasslands to investigate the ability of sulla, a forage containing high concentrations of soluble carbohydrate and CT, to complement pasture and legume species. Fifty-six weaned ram lambs were allocated to seven diets: pasture (80\% ryegrass and 20\% white clover), white clover, lucerne, sulla, and 50:50 mixtures (DM basis) of pasture:sulla, white clover:sulla and lucerne:sulla. Lambs fed sulla, white clover, white clover:sulla and lucerne:sulla had the most rapid daily gains (256-263 g/day) while lambs fed pasture gained 105 g/day, respectively. Wool growth was influenced by diet. Sulla added to pasture, white clover and lucerne diets significantly reduced rumen ammonia concentrations and acetate:propionate ratios in lambs. Lamb performance can be improved by combining sulla with pasture and lucerne, and rumen parameters can be used to explain animal performance differences. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Burke JL and Waghorn GC and Brookes IM}
}
@conference {41231,
	title = {Digestion kinetics of mature grasses},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {8-12},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Digestion kinetics were measured for mature (green and non-senescent) components of five grass species using in sacco and in vitro incubations to define rates of degradation and nutrient release. The data will be incorporated into a dairy nutrition simulation model to identify limitations in nutrient supply to cows grazing mature pasture in late spring. Perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, Yorkshire fog, phalaris and paspalum were hand separated into leaf, stem and inflorescence for incubations. Percentages of fibre (NDF) in DM fractions ranged from 50-69\% (leaf), 63-75\% (stem) and 50-68\% (inflorescence). Crude protein concentrations in the DM of the respective fractions were 7.5-23.7\%, 3.8-8.3\% and 7.9-12.3\%. Soluble DM (\% of the total) determined after mincing accounted for 31-53\% of leaf, 26-55\% of stem and 20-48\% of inflorescence, and fractional (h-1) degradation of the insoluble DM was very slow, ranging from 0.034-0.113 (leaf), 0.025-0.036 (stem) and 0.033-0.072 (inflorescence). After 24 hours of in vitro incubation plant nitrogen content become limiting for fermentation in most instances. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Chaves AV and Waghorn GC and Brookes IM and Burke JL}
}
@conference {41266,
	title = {The effect of condensed tannins in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) on the digestion of amino},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {116-119},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Christchurch},
	abstract = {Two experiments were conducted in order to compare the effect of condensed tannins (CT) in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) on the flux of amino acids (AA) through the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. In each experiment, one group of sheep (PEG group; CT inactive) received an intraruminal infusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to inactivate the CT present in the forages, while the other group received an intraruminal infusion of water (Tannin group; CT active). The CT in sainfoin (38.1 g/kg DM) had no significant effect on apparent AA absorption from the small intestine. However, in the sulla-fed sheep, AA absorption in the small intestine was significantly increased by CT (P<0.05; CT = 64.4 g/kg DM). In both forages a shift in AA digestion from the rumen to the small intestine was seen with increased abomasal fluxes of AA in the Tannin group of sainfoin- (92 versus 101 g/day in the PEG and Tannin group, respectively; P<0.05) and sulla-fed (65 versus 83 g/day; P<0.001) sheep. Differences in the digestion and absorption of AA in the two forages may be associated with differences in chemical structure of the CT. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Bermingham EN and Hutchinson KJ and Revell DK and Brookes IM and McNabb WC}
}
@conference {41150,
	title = {Effects of an extract from sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) containing condensed tannins on the migration of three sheep gastrointestinal nematodes in vitro},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {21-25},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {The effect an extract of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) containing condensed tannins (CT) had on the viability of the infective third-stage larvae (L3) of three gastrointestinal nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis) was tested by the larval migration inhibition (LMI) assay in vitro. The LMI assay measures the ability of test material to immobilize larvae and prevent their migration through 20 mm nylon mesh sieves. The extract from sulla was added to rumen (RF) and abomasal fluid (AF), collected from sheep fed lucerne (Medicago sativa) chaff, to provide concentrations of CT similar to those observed in the rumen and abomasal digesta of sheep fed CT-containing forages (50-1000 mg/ml). Incubation of L3 larvae in rumen and abomasal fluid containing the sulla extract reduced the migration of larvae compared to those in control incubations (no extract added). This study showed that the larvae of T. colubriformis were more resistant (PO. circumcincta (RF 59\%; AF 79\%) and H. contortus (RF 72\%; AF 81\%) were significantly (PT. colubriformis (RF 37\%; AF 26\%). Addition of 2 mg polyethylene glycol (PEG)/mg CT to the incubations partially reduced the effects of the sulla extract on larval migration, particularly in the rumen fluid, suggesting that CT was responsible for most but not all of the inhibitory effect of this extract. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Molan AL and Alexander R and Brookes IM and McNabb WC}
}
@conference {41147,
	title = {Formulating total mixed rations from forages - defining the digestion kinetics of contrasting species},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {9-14},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {The work described here is the first step in formulating forage-based TMR rations for dairy cows, based on digestion kinetics derived from in vitro and in sacco incubations. Kinetic information has been obtained from 23 contrasting fresh and conserved forages species, including temperate and tropical grass species, legumes (including Lotus spp. containing condensed tannins), herbs, silages, lucerne hay and maize grain. All forages were minced to a particle size similar to chewed material. Estimates of DM solubility (\% DM) and fractional dry matter degradation rates (h-1) determined by in sacco incubations include: white clover (39\%, 0.195), perennial ryegrass (45\%, 0.114), tall fescue (46.8\%, 0.051), paspalum (27\%, 0.068), sulla (51.4\%, 0.121), chicory (41.8\%, 0.260), pasture silage (41\%, 0.083), maize silage (28\%, 0.042). In vitro incubations resulted in five-fold differences between forages in net ammonia release, 2-3 fold differences in volatile fatty acid yield and a three-fold difference in acetate:propionate ratio. The data will be used in simulation models to identify optimal forage mixtures for meeting the nutritional needs of high-producing dairy cows. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Burke JL and Waghorn GC and Brookes IM and Attwood GT and Kolver ES}
}
@conference {41146,
	title = {Preparation of fresh forages for incubation and prediction of nutritive value},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2000},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {5-8},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	address = {Hamilton},
	abstract = {In vitro and in sacco digestion offers a rapid and inexpensive method for evaluating nutritive value of ruminant feedstuffs. This study compared the conventional freeze dried and ground (FD) preparation with chopping to 6-mm lengths (C) and mincing (M) to represent chewed forage. In sacco and in vitro comparisons were made with perennial ryegrass (RG), white clover (WC) and Lotus corniculatus (LC). The mean proportions of large (>1.0mm) and soluble dry matter (DM) for the three forages were: M, 0.38 and 0.44; C, 0.76 and 0.21; FD, 0.35 and 0.34 respectively. Disappearance of DM and crude protein (CP) during the first 12 hours of rumen incubation was substantially lower for chopped forages. Minimal lag times before the onset of protein degradation were observed following mincing. Yields of ammonia from proteolysis in in vitro incubations were lowest for C and usually highest for M preparations. Preparation also affected yield but not proportions of VFA. These data show that ranking of forages for digestibility is affected by preparation and mincing appears to be a more suitable preparation for assays than chopping and freeze drying and grinding. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Barrell LG and Burke JL and Waghorn GC and Attwood GT and Brookes IM}
}
@conference {40990,
	title = {Growth curves and productivity of Holstein-Friesian cows bred for heavy or light mature live weight},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {68-72},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This paper presents data for live weights (LW) from birth to maturity, and for yields of milk and milksolids (MSY) per lactation, from two lines of Holstein-Friesian cows bred for heavy (H) or light (L) mature LW. Compared with the Brody, Gompertz and Logistic functions, the Von Bertalanffy function provided the best fit to the LW data, and prediction from this function has been used in the following analyses. The breeding values (BV) for LW of the sires (H: 86.3 kg; L: 31.0 kg) and maternal grandsires (MGS) (H: 55 kg; L: 38 kg) used to develop the H and L LW lines were higher (P<0.001) for the H line than for the L line, and they were significantly associated with the actual birth weight (H: 41 kg; L: 35 kg) and mature live weight (H: 520 kg; L: 467 kg) of the cows. The heavy sires also had significantly higher BV for yield of milk (H: 1037 l; L: 737 l), milkfat (H: 33.0 kg; L: 27.5 kg), and milk protein (H: 31 kg; L: 22 kg), and the H cows produced more milk (H: 4708 l; L: 4323 l), and MSY (H: 364 kg; L: 348 kg) than the L cows. However, L sires had slightly higher (P = 0.07) value for Breeding Worth than the H sires (H:37; L:46), and there were only small differences in yields of milk or MSY between the two lines when these were expressed per kg of LW, per kg of LW0.75 or per tonne of dry matter required (H: 84 kg MSY/tonne DM; L: 87 kg MSY/tonne DM). The results indicate that the extra MSY by the H cows (+ 16 kg) almost compensated for the effect of their extra LW (+ 46 kg), so that the H cows were only slightly less efficient than the L cows, as predicted by their respective sire{\textquoteright}s Breeding Worth. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Garcia-Muniz JG and Holmes CW and Garrick DJ and Lopez-Villalobos N and Wickham BW and Wilson G and Brookes IM and Purchas RW}
}
@conference {41017,
	title = {Modelling the Feed Requirements of Cross-Bred Sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {161-164},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Feed requirements of flocks of ewes from Romney dams mated to either Romney , Border x Dorset, Finn x Texel, or Texel x Dorset sires (R, BD, FT, TD), were estimated from assumed profiles of live weight and reproductive performance. These were constructed by extrapolating data collected from four flocks of 500 ewes each, born in 1994 and run under a common management system at Limestone Downs (a large Waikato sheep/beef property). Annual feed requirements for R, BD, FT and TD ewes (plus 25\% replacements) were estimated to be : 670, 809, 766 and 740 kg DM/ewe; equivalent ewe numbers for the same annual intake: 1000, 829, 875 and 906 ewes; g lamb weaned/kg DM consumed: 37, 43, 47 and 40 g/kg DM. Live weight and reproductive profiles for ewes sired by East Friesian rams were also constructed by extrapolating data from East Friesian-cross ewes born at Limestone Downs in 1996 and mated as hoggets in 1997. Estimates of annual feed intakes, equivalent ewe numbers and g lamb weaned/kg DM consumed for East Friesian-cross ewes (plus 25\% replacements), mated first as hoggets (EFH) were: 925 kg DM/ewe, 725 ewes and 56g/kg DM; or mated first as two-tooths (EF): 907 kg DM/ewe, 739 ewes, and 50g/kg DM. The increased feed demand for high producing ewes occurred mainly from late pregnancy until weaning. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Brookes IM and Lowe KI and Garrick DJ}
}
@conference {40905,
	title = {Effects of Mimosa Bark extract containing condensed tannins on rumen metabolism in sheep and milk production by grazing cows.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {126-129},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A Mimosa Bark extract (MB) was given to sheep and cattle to provide condensed tannins (CT) at levels which increased growth in lambs. The effects on rumen metabolism in sheep and milk production in grazing cows were studied in two experiments during spring 1994. MB contained 507g CT/kg bark and was administered as a water suspension (280g/litre). In Experiment 1, six rumen fistulated wethers were offered fresh pasture for two periods of 10 and 14 days, during which each sheep was drenched twice daily with 12.5 ml of either water or MB suspension (4.1 g CT/kg pasture DM intake), in a cross-over design. MB did not significantly affect DM intake, in sacco DM disappearance or apparent digestibility of DM or nitrogen (N), but ruminal ammonia-N and plasma urea concentrations were significantly decreased (P<0.05). In Experiment 2, 30 Friesian cows grazing mixed pasture were allocated to one of three treatments: undrenched control (C) or twice daily drenching with 90 (L) or 180 (H) ml of MB suspension (1.8 or 3.6 g CT/kg pasture DM intake) for three weeks. No significant differences in yields of milk or milk constituents were observed. Live weight and condition score changes did not differ significantly. Plasma urea concentrations were significantly lower (P<0.05) in treatment H than in treatment C. These results indicate that drenching with MB, at daily rates of 4 g CT/kg pasture DM intake, reduced ruminal protein degradation in sheep and cattle, but did not increase milk production. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Mashudi and Brookes IM and Holmes CW and Wilson GF}
}
@conference {40630,
	title = {Biological efficiency: How relevant is this concept to beef cows in a mixed livestock, seasonal pasture supply context?},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {54},
	year = {1994},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {333-336},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Efficiency, defined as the ratio of output to input, can be calculated for  
any product, and for any of the resources employed to generate that particular  
product.  "Weight of calf weaned per unit cow liveweight" is commonly used  
to measure biological efficiency in the beef cow herd, based partly on the  
assumption that feed intakes and hence costs are related to liveweight.  A more  
direct measure, and the one used here, is "weight of carcass produced per unit  
of feed intake".  The biological efficiency of the traditional beef breeding cow,  
determined in this manner, is low compared to that of other beef cow systems  
(e.g. twinning cows, once-bred heifers).  This is primarily because of the  
relatively low reproductive rate in traditional cow herds and the high proportion  
of annual feed consumption used to maintain the breeding female and her  
replacements. 
 
A simple output/input ratio may not, however, be appropriate for the mixed  
sheep and cattle systems which are widely used in New Zealand.  For these  
systems, where a competitive or complementary relationship may exist between  
enterprises, a more complex efficiency ratio that contains elements of the  
whole farm system is likely to be more appropriate.  Furthermore, in a seasonal  
pasture production system, where the supply of feed is likely to limit  
production at certain times of the year, feed does not have fixed value.  Feed  
costs therefore become an important component of the efficiency equation.   
Utilisation by other livestock of a scarce resource (e.g. winter feed) is also  
likely to have an influence on the economic efficiency of the system.  For  
example, if biological efficiency is ignored then output (weight of calf weaned)  
may be increased simply by increasing cow size but with no consideration of  
the extra feed inputs necessary to maintain larger cows, or the pressure that  
additional feed requirements may place on other components of the system at  
particular times of the year. 
 
In this paper, the relevance of biological efficiency is explored by comparing  
both biological and economic efficiencies of four cattle systems - traditional  
beef cows, beef x dairy cows (with and without twinning) and once-bred  
heifers - alone and in mixed sheep and cattle policies.  We conclude that  
biological efficiency is a relevant concept, primarily because its components  
(carcass weigh and feed consumed) are also important determinants of  
economic efficiency.  However marked differences between systems in the  
value of the carcass produced and/or feed consumed can lead to a poor  
correlation between the efficiency ranking of systems by biological and  
economic criteria. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Morris ST and Brookes IM and Parker WJ and McCutcheon SN}
}
@conference {40456,
	title = {Ensiled roughages (Chaffhage and Stockhage) as feeds for young calves},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {61-64},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No abstract supplied},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Collins DE and Brookes IM}
}
@conference {40364,
	title = {A conceptual framework for an expert system to improve drying off decisions on seasonal supply dairy farms - Brief Communication},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {11-12},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Forty Border Leicester (BL) and forty-eight Dorset Down (DD)  ewe hoggets (7.5mo) that had been farmed together were scanned using a  real-time ultrasound machine, at six sites with one muscle depth (B) and  five subcutaneous fat depth measurements (R - tissue depth over fifth  rib, C - backfat over last rib, GR, L - backfat over last lumbar  vertebrae, T - fat over tail) being taken. Comparisons of tissue ratios  (individual fat depth divided by B) were used to characterise  subcutaneous fat distribution. From these ratios it was found that the  DD had 9\%, 10\% and 6\% greater ratios at R, L and T respectively, and 7\%  lower ratios at C and GR. Breed differences at R, GR and T were  significant (P<0.05). It was concluded that true genetic differences in  subcutaneous fat distribution existed between the genotypes studied.  These findings have implications for carcass classification, for  breeding programmes for lean growth, and for comparisons of the fatness  of different genotypes.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Gray DI and Lynch GA and Lockhart JC and Parker WJ and Todd EG and Brookes IM}
}
@conference {40390,
	title = {The role of computer software in the feeding of farm livestock},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {52},
	year = {1992},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {111-114},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Romney ewes with consistently high (H, n=5) or low L, n=5)  seasonal changes in wool growth and with differences in ovulation rate  and the onset of anoestrus, were blood sampled every 30 min for 24 h at  the winter and summer solstices and at the spring and autumn equinoxes.  Plasma samples were assayed for melatonin by direct radioimmunoassay.   Mean melatonin levels were higher during the hours of darkness than  during daylight at all sampling times. However, the ratio between day-  and night-time melatonin levels tended to be smaller in spring (1.8) and  summer (1.5) than autumn (2.9) and winter (1988 - 3.8; 1989 - 4.1).  There were no significant differences between H and L ewes in mean  melatonin concentrations during daylight or darkness at any of the  seasons. There was however, considerable variation between individual  ewes in the diurnal pattern of melatonin secretion in spring and summer.  The high levels of melatonin usually associated with darkness were  sometimes found during the day. These disrupted patterns of melatonin  secretion occurred in all ewes at one or other of these two seasons.  The results suggest that during anoestrus, melatonin profiles may  differ from the normal pattern of secretion that is aligned to  photoperiod.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Brookes IM and Parker WJ and Gray DI}
}
@conference {40335,
	title = {Non-milk constituents in replacers for calf rearing},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1991},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {323-326},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {This study was carried out to investigate central nervous system  pathways which may be involved in the depression of food intake  exhibited by parasitised lambs.   Ten lambs with intake depression (c.20\%; p<0.05); as a result of chronic  infection with 4000 T.colubriformis larvae/day together with 10  non-infected animals were used in a factorially designed experiment.  The factors were a 24 h fast or no fasting followed by; saline solution  (control), or 0.6 mg/kg brotizolam (blocks satiety signals at the  ventromedial hypothalamus), or 0.125 mg/kg of naloxone (an opioid  antagonist), all in a 2 ml volume given i.v. immediately prior to  feeding.   Trickle infection depressed mean daily intake by 20\% (p<0.05), likewise  short term intake was depressed by infection (p<0.05). Fasting  stimulated both short term and daily intake by approximately 100\%  (p<0.001) and 12\% (p<0.05) respectively. Naloxone depressed cumulative  intake for up to 2 h (p<0.01 - p<0.001) while brotizolam stimulated  intake at both 60 and 120 minutes (p<0.001).   These results show that opioid signals stimulate food intake in lambs  and that fasting will overcome the effects of parasitism on appetite in  the short term. A lack of opioid signals may be a factor in parasite  induced food intake depression.  },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Wilson GF and Brookes IM and Lynch GA and Billington AC}
}
@conference {40172,
	title = {Effects of selection for shear strength on structure and rumen digestion of perennial ryegrass},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {225-228},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Lamb production from May or August lambing by Merino and Comeback ewes was compared from 1982 to 1985 in a factorial design experiment at Hamilton, Western Victoria. Groups of 50 ewes were stocked at 500 kg live weight/ha or 12.4 Merinos/ha and 10.8 Comebacks/ha. Natural fertility levels were similar for all treatments with an average of 5\% ewes not lambing. Comeback ewes had a higher lambing rate (lambs born/ewes joined) at August compared with May lambing (1.28 v 1.19 sed 0.052) whereas the Merinos had similar lambing rates (1.03 v 1.07 sed 0.02), indicating that the Western Victorian Merinos were relatively insensitive to seasonal effects (photoperiod) on fecundity. Lamb mortality was higher at August compared with May lambing (18.5 v 14.5\% sed 1.8\%) and was associated with higher chill factors in August due to cooler, wetter weather. The effects of lamb mortality lead to similar weaning rates (lambs weaned/ewes joined) for Comebacks at May and August lambing and lower weaning rates for Merinos at August compared with May lambing. Lamb weaning weights were similar for both lambing times, except in 1985 when severe internal parasite infections before weaning in groups lambing in May restricted lamb growth. The lower stocking rate (ewes/ha) balanced the higher per head production for Comeback ewes and lead to no significant differences between breeds or lambing times in weight of lamb weaned per ha.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {John A and Inoue T and Brookes IM and Hunt WF and Easton HS}
}
@conference {40171,
	title = {Effects of selection for shear strength on the voluntary intake and digestion of perennial ryegrass fed to sheep},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1989},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {221-224},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Mature Romney ewes were involved in three experiments at Flock House Agricultural Centre and Limestone Downs (near Raglan) to identify factors affecting the percentage of ewes pregnant to mating in November and December following treatment with CIDRs and PMSG. Dorset rams were no better than Romney rams for mating and increasing the ram percentage from 10\% to 15\% failed to overcome the low conception rate of 50-65\%. Rams that had been used for mating 11 days previously increased the percentage of ewes pregnant. Ewes previously lambing in autumn had only a 4.8\% increase in ewes mated and pregnant compared with ewes previously lambing in spring. Despite the reuse of CIDRs reducing the percentage of ewes mated by 6.1\% it was still economical to reuse CIDRs. There was a consistent increase in ewes pregnant and multiple pregnancies with increasing dose of PMSG. By contrast live weight had no effect on the reproductive performance of ewes except for those ewes less than 40 kg live weight. Regulin implants failed to overcome the low conception rate of ewes mating following treatment with CIDRs and PMSG in December.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Inoue T and Brookes IM and Barry TN and John A}
}
@conference {40049,
	title = {The use of a pastoral computer model - a learning experience},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {47},
	year = {1987},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {43-44},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Records from cows in herds which were production tested by the Auckland and Taranaki Livestock Improvement Associations from 1960 to 1984 were used in regression analyses to estimate trends in milkfat (mfat) production each month from August to May. The average annual increase in production was 0.84 kg mfat/cow in Auckland compared to 0.75 in Taranaki. This meant that over the period from 1960 to 1984, the estimated increases in production were 20.2 and 18.0 kg mfat/cow in Auckland and Taranaki respectively. In Auckland 14.2 kg of this increase occurred in September, October and November. The increase in Taranaki in these 3 months was 10.6 kg mfat/cow. Annual increases in production per cow would be greater if the rate of decline in daily production during summer (from December to February) could be reduced. No consistent increases in production have occurred during the autumn because of highly variable seasonal factors.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Ridler BJ and Stachurski LJ and Brookes IM and Holmes CW}
}
@conference {40027,
	title = {A comparison of rams from fleece weight-selected and randomly bred Romney flocks for intake, wool growth and feed utilisation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {46},
	year = {1986},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {215-218},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Trials undertaken at Rotomahana in 1984 and 1985 examined factors involved in sheep AI and provided a link between Rotomahana and a commercial AI programme. Semen collected and diluted by the New Zealand Dairy Board gave similar conception rates (46\%) to semen collected at Rotomahana (42\%). Results in 1984 indicated that there was a small but non-significant decrease in conception rate with semen storage time up to 15 hours (5 h 68\%, 10 h 61\%, 15 h 57\%). In 1985 there was a highly significant difference between 5 and 20 h storage (46\% v 25\%) and this result was consistent over ewe ages and dose rate. In 1985, 200x10 6 sperm dose was compared to 100x10 6 dose in 3 subtrials. The overall conception rates were 45.7\% and 37.5\% respectively (P<0.05). In 1984 diluted semen stored in glass and inseminated using a fine glass pipette gave a higher, but not significant, conception rate than semen stored in mini straws and inseminated using a standard cattle pistollet (66\% v 58\%). In 1985 all semen was stored in glass and inseminated with either a glass pipette (conception rate of 49.8\%) or a cattle pistollet (43.2\%). This difference was non-significant, although there was a significant interaction of insemination equipment with dose rate. A significantly higher conception rate was achieved for cervical (52.8\%) than blind insemination (29\%) when ewes were inseminated {\textquoteright}on time{\textquoteright} in 1985 and this effect was consistent over dose rate. There was no difference in conception rate when {\textquoteright}on-oestrus{\textquoteright} insemination was compared to {\textquoteright}on-time{\textquoteright} (63\% v 61\%). All first-order interactions among the effects of storage time, insemination method and {\textquoteright}on-oestrus{\textquoteright} v {\textquoteright} on-time{\textquoteright} were non-significant in the 1984 trial.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {McClelland LA and Blair HT and Wickham GA and Brookes IM}
}
@conference {39953,
	title = {The effect of level of milk intake on growth rate and herbage intake of Friesian bull calves of high and low breeding index},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1985},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {103-106},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Protein (NAN) flow to the small intestine was measured in early- weaning ram lambs grazing pure swards of white clover (W), lucerne (L), ryegrass (R) and prairie grass (P) at high allowances. Lambs were weaned at 6 weeks of age and measurements made at 8 and 12 weeks of age. Live-weight gain (LWG) measured over 6 weeks after weaning was higher for lambs grazing on legumes (308 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Wang X-J and Brookes IM and Wilson GF}
}
@conference {39932,
	title = {Effects of level of feeding at different times of the year on milk production by Friesian cows of high or low genetic merit},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {45},
	year = {1985},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {13-16},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Udder volume (post milking) was determined in high and low breeding index (HBI;LBI) Jersey and Friesian cows. The difference in milk production of HBI and LBI Jersey herds (2 to 4 litres/day) was entirely attributable to difference in udder volume. This difference was generated during late pregnancy. Udder volume declined during lactation; 35 to 40\% of udder volume at calving being lost by 20 weeks of lactation. There was no difference in udder volume between BHI and LBI Friesian cows measured at peak and in late lactation. Differences in production between these herds were due to increased udder productivity in the HBI animals (HBI, 2.0 litres/litre tissue/d; LBI 1.8 litres/litres tissue/d). Udder productivity in Friesians was 25\% greater than in Jersey cows at peak and in late lactation. Milk yield and udder volume were significantly correlated (P<0.05) in Friesian and Jersey cows at all stages of lactation. Genetic selection of Friesian and Jersey cows has resulted in more productive animals in both breeds but through differing physiological mechanisms.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Holmes CW and Brookes IM and Ngarmsak S and Mitchell KD and Davey AWF}
}
@conference {39824,
	title = {Nutritional and physiological studies of differences between Friesian cows of high and low genetic merit},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1983},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {67-70},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Fleece tenderness is a serious fault of New Zealand crossbred wool costing the sheep industry between $50 and $100 million annually. Wool fibres break at the point where fibre diameter is at its minimum and factors which influence minimum fibre diameter will influence the incidence of fleece tenderness, e.g. breed and strain of sheep, age of ewe, level of feeding and reproductive status. Tender fleeces are on average lighter than sound fleeces and often have other associated faults such as cotting and yellow discolouration. Variation in minimum winter fibre diameter accounts for only about 40\% of the variation in staple strength within a flock suggesting that factors other than fibre diameter may be involved. There are fibre structural and compositional differences between sound and tender wools of the same diameter and these may be associated with fleece tenderness. The wool producer can influence the incidence of fleece tenderness by the level of feeding during mid pregnancy but it may not always be economic to feed better. Choice of shearing time will also influence the level of fleece tenderness. A preliminary estimate of the heritability of fleece tenderness of 0.58 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Davey AWF and Grainger C and MacKenzie DDS and Flux DS and Wilson GF and Brookes IM and Holmes CW}
}
@conference {39459,
	title = {The influence of a protected tallow supplement on milk yield and composition},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {35},
	year = {1975},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {41-46},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Wilson GF and Brookes IM}
}
