@conference {3672,
	title = {Stand-off pad wintering system: effect of surface types on cow comfort and urination behaviour},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {137-142},
	address = {Rotorua},
	abstract = {Two consecutive experiments were conducted over four weeks during winter to investigate the effect of different stand-off pad surface types on dairy cow lying behaviour, cleanness and lameness scores, and urination frequency. In experiment one, 350 Frie-sian {\texttimes} Jersey, pregnant non-lactating dairy cows were blocked and assigned to five treatments for two weeks: fodder beet grazed in situ with no stand-off (control); fodder beet grazed in situ and cows spent 17 hours on a woodchip stand-off (WCG); harvested fodder beet bulb fed in paddock and cows spent 17 hours on a woodchip stand-off (WCH); fodder beet grazed in situ and cows spent 17 hours on a 70 mm round-stone stand-off (S70); fodder beet grazed in situ and cows spent 17 hours on a 50 mm round-stone stand-off (S50). In experiment two, 156 Friesian {\texttimes} Jersey, pregnant non-lactating dairy cows were blocked and assigned to three treatments for two weeks: control and WCG as described in experiment one, and a third geotextile {\textquoteleft}carpet{\textquoteright} stand-off for 17 hours (GC). In experiment one, surface type had no effect on lying time (average 10.1 hours), cleanness and lameness score, or urination behaviour. In experiment two, lying hours were greater (P=0.01) for cows on carpet (11.6) than for cows on woodchip (10.8). While current results showed a negligible effect of surface type on cow comfort and urination behaviour during winter, a longer study, covering the whole winter season, is required to confirm these results. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Al-marashdeh O and Cameron KC and Bryant RH and Box L and Arends A and Coveney A and Crystal J and Edwards GR}
}
@conference {3672,
	title = {Use of a urine meter to detect variation in urination behaviour of dairy cows on winter crops},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {75},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {84-88},
	address = {Dunedin},
	abstract = { Nitrate leaching loss from urine patches is predicted using a number of variables including urine N concentration, number of
urine patches produced, and urine patch size however, there is a lack of quantitative data on the variability of urination events. A
study was conducted using two wintering systems at Ashley Dene, Lincoln, between June and July 2014. Wintering systems were
either kale (KA) fed at an allowance of 14 kg DM/cow/day plus barley straw (3 kg DM/cow/day) (n=5), or fodder beet (FB) fed
at an allowance of 8 kg DM/cow/day, plus ryegrass baleage (6 kg DM/cow/day) (n=7). Twelve pregnant, non-lactating Holstein-
Friesian x Jersey cows were fitted with calibrated urine meters which measured volume and frequency of urination events. The
meters were worn for 24-hour periods. A calibration equation was used to calculate urine patch coverage from measured urine
patch areas in the field and urine volumes. There was large variation between animals for urination behaviour. Average urination
volume was similar for KA and FB (2.37 L/event; P>0.1 SEM=0.29), however urination frequency (12 vs. 8 events/day; P<0.1
SEM=2.25) and daily total urine volume (30 vs. 18 litres; P<0.03, SEM=4.56) were greater for KA. Average urine patch area was
also 1.8 times larger on KA than on FB (0.47 vs. 0.25 m2). This information will be used to help predict nitrate leaching losses
from grazing systems.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Ravera BL and Bryant RH and Cameron KC and Di HJ and Edwards GR and Smith N}
}
