@conference {41125,
	title = {Effect of very low sperm doses on pregnancy rates after AI in sheep.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1999},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {219-222},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Low sperm numbers and ambient temperature storage are two important factors in the successful AI system for dairy cattle in New Zealand. A critical evaluation of these factors with ram semen is required before the establishment of a similar AI system within the NZ sheep industry is feasible. A trial involving a total of 1262 Romney ewes was conducted in April 1998 to examine the effects of inseminate dose (25, 5, 1 and 0.5 x 106 sperm) of semen held for up to 9 h at 20{\textdegree}C in two diluents (RSD-1 and RSD-8). Ewes, synchronised with 3 types of CIDR devices were laparoscopically AI{\textquoteleft}ed with semen from either a Finn or a Romney ram at set times (49 or 56h) after CIDR removal. AI was spread over 4 days in each of two consecutive weeks. Rams were used on each alternative day. Ewes were checked for return to service to determine pregnancy. There was a significant (P<0.001) difference between rams in pregnancy rate (Finn =35.6 and Romney =52.5\%). There was an effect (P<0.001) of inseminate dose (25 = 55.5 {\textpm} 2.6\%; 5 = 45.2 {\textpm} 2.6\%; 1 = 37.2 {\textpm} 2.6\% and 0.5 = 37.5 {\textpm} 2.6\%). However there was a suggestion of an overall dose by ram interaction with the Romney semen maintaining higher fertility at lower dose levels. There were no effects of inseminator or of diluent. Time from CIDR removal to oestrus had a significant (P<0.05) effect. Time to onset of oestrus was affected by CIDR type. While there was no overall effect of CIDR type on fertility, there was a significant (P<0.05) interaction between sperm dose and CIDR type. These results indicate that acceptable (>50\%) fertility can be achieved with sperm dose rates as low as 1.0x106 if semen quality is satisfactory thus increasing the number of inseminates per ejaculate 20-50 fold. Improved synchrony methods seem imperative to obtaining better fertility from AI. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and Parr J and Murray GR and Clarke A and Oliver JE and McDonald RM and Duganzich DM}
}
@conference {41023,
	title = {Effect of sperm dose, diluent type and timing of insemination on pregnancy rates in sheep.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {186-188},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Low sperm numbers and ambient temperature storage are two important factors in the successful AI system for dairy cattle in New Zealand. Similar technologies with ram semen are required before the establishment of a similar AI system within the NZ sheep industry is feasible. A trial involving a total of 1200 Romney ewes was conducted in April 1997 to examine the effects of inseminate dose (50, 25, or 5 x 10--6 sperm) of semen held for up to 9 h at 20{\textdegree}C in two diluents (RSD-1 and Tris + egg yolk). In the first half of the trial ewes were laparoscopically inseminated with semen from Finn rams at set times (49 and 56 h) after CIDR removal, while in the second half of the trial ewes were inseminated with semen from Romney rams following the detection of oestrus, after CIDR removal, resulting in insemination times of 26, 44 and 49 h post removal. Returns to service in the cycle following AI were recorded and ewes were scanned for pregnancy 50 days post AI. There was a significant difference between ram breeds in pregnancy rate (Finn 63.2 \% v Romney 50.2 \% ; P<0.05). There were no effects of inseminate dose nor of diluent. Time to onset of oestrus was affected by ewe live weight (P<0.05) with the heavier ewes showing a trend for an earlier onset but there was no overall effect of ewe weight on fertility. The effect of time to onset was reflected in an effect of time from CIDR removal to AI in the second half of the trial, with ewes AI{\textquoteright}d within 30h of CIDR removal having a 10\% lower fertility. These results indicate that acceptable fertility can be achieved with semen dose rates 5 to 10 fold less than normal, thereby increasing the number of inseminations available per ejaculate. Improved synchrony methods seem imperative to obtaining better fertility from AI. },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and Parr J and Murray GR and Clarke A and Oliver JE and Duganzich DM}
}
@conference {40975,
	title = {Techniques for extraction of proteins for enzymatic measurements from ram spermatozoa and sheep muscle},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {58},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {19},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A method for the preparation of enzyme active representative homogenates of muscle is described. This method was also  valuated for spermatozoa and it was observed that the protocol needs to be adapted for various tissue types.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Upreti GC and Oliver JE and Clarke AG and Clarke JN and Smith JF}
}
@conference {40949,
	title = {Changes in the activities of plasma membrane bound sperm enzymes during semen processing.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {251},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {The physico-chemical changes in spermatozoa that take place during semen processing and storage regulate the fertilising ability of spermatozoa. Spermatozoa1 motil-ity, traditionally used as a marker of fertilising ability, does not indicate the true fertilising ability of spermatozoa (Smithet al., 1993),although motility is required for in  vivo fertilisation. In this study we have monitored changes in activities of spermatozoa1 enzymes at various stages of semen processing. In future, these changes could be corre-lated to fertilising ability. It is also anticipated, that the information on these enzymes would improve our under-standing of basic sperm physiology.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Oliver JE and Upreti GC and Duganzich DM and Smith JF}
}
@conference {40859,
	title = {Brief Communication: Effect of lipids on ram spermatozoal motility},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1996},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {365-366},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Lipids from egg yolk, milk and coconut were toxic to ram  spermatozoal motility. The toxicity of egg yolk lipid was associated with the  neutral lipid fraction. Motility was prolonged in the presence of coconut  lipid.},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Upreti GC and Hicks K and Oliver JE and Briggs RM and Duganzich DM and Smith JF}
}
@conference {40726,
	title = {Comparison of cervical, transcervical and laparoscopic insemination of ewes with chilled stored and frozen ram semen},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {248-250},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {A technique for transcervical artificial insemination (TAI) of the ewe  has been reported as an alternative to laparoscopic intrauterine insemination  (LAI). This study evaluated the techniques under New Zealand conditions.   Romney ewes (365) were treated in February for 14 days with CIDR},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and Parr J and Beaumont S and Oliver JE and Upreti GC}
}
@conference {40725,
	title = {Effect of diluent type and storage time on the pregnancy rate of ewes inseminated laparoscopically with chilled ram semen},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {245-247},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Five trials involving 879 ewes were conducted in November,  December 1993, February, March and April 1994. Ewes were synchronised  with CIDR},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and Parr J and Murray G and Oliver JE and Beaumont S and Upreti GC}
}
@conference {40721,
	title = {Field scale evaluation of semen diluents for cervical AI in sheep: An attempt at technology transfer},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {55},
	year = {1995},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {232-235},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {No Abstract Supplied},
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and Aspinall J and Oliver JE and Murray G and Smith JK and Upreti GC}
}
@conference {40511,
	title = {Effect of diluent and storage time on pregnancy rate in ewes after intra- uterine insemination},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {295-298},
	publisher = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	organization = {New Zealand Society of Animal Production},
	abstract = {Liveweight gain, wool weight, wool characteristics, age of onset of oestrus and animal health data were recorded for purebred Awassi (n=37) and Coopworth (n=40) lambs in quarantine from birth to six months of age. No significant differences, between the Awassi and Coopworth lambs were recorded in: birth weight, liveweight gain (birth to weaning), and liveweight gain (weaning to 6 months). A trend for the Coopworths to have greater liveweight gains was noted. Significantly less wool was clipped from Awassi lambs (0.83 },
	issn = {1176-5283},
	author = {Smith JF and Asher GW and Briggs RM and Morrow CJ and Murray GR and Oliver JE and Parr J and Veldhuizen FA and Upreti GC}
}
